PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC THEORY УДК 330.101 1 Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Research ID : http://www.researcherid.com/rid/http://www.researcherid.com/rid/Q-8770-2017 ON THE CRISIS IN ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND THE WAYS TO OVERCOME IT The nature of the crisis of economic science, the main reasons for its formation and historical and modern examples of its manifestation are analyzed. Due to the crisis, economic science lags behind the economic reality. The most obvious examples of this lag are the transition to a market economy in the post-communist countries and the global financial and economic crisis of 2007–2009. Currently, the crisis in economics concerns the widespread cryptocurrency system, but it has not yet become the subject of systematic research by scientists. In the matter of overcoming this crisis situation, it is important how the human factor is reflected in such studies and how close it will be to the behavior of a real person. To achieve this goal, economists must use the knowledge accumulated in other social sciences – philosophy, psychology, law and political science. In economic studies, the conditions, which are implied in the traditional phrase “ceteris paribus”, should be minimized by using the scientific tools of these social sciences. Keywords:economic science; economics; cryptocurrencies; human factor; social sciences; ceteris paribus; synthesis of economic theories Бібл. 110
1. McConnell C.R., Brue S.L. Ekonomiks: Printsipy, Problemy i Politika. V 2 tom. [Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. In 2 vol.] Moscow, Respublika, 1992 [in Russian]. 2. Mankiw N.G. Printsipy Ekonomiks [Principles of Economics]. St. Petersburg, Piter Kom, 1999 [in Russian]. 3. Samuelson P.A., Nordhaus W.D. Ekonomika [Economics]. Moscow, BINOM, KNORUS, LBZ, 1999 [in Russian]. 4. Fischer S., Dornbusch R., Schmalensee R. Ekonomika [Economics]. Moscow, Delo, 1993 [in Russian]. 5. Linder M., Sensat Jr.J. Anti-Samuelson. Vol. 1: Basic Ideological Concepts. Crises and Keynesianism. New York, The World Market, Urizen Books, 1977. 6. Linder M., Sensat Jr.J. Anti-Samuelson. Vol. 2: Money and Credit. Value and Price Theory. Factors of Production. New York, The World Market, Urizen Books, 1977. 7. Kanth R.K. Against Economics. Rethinking Political Economy. Aldershot, Ashgate, 1997. 8. The Future of Eco¬nomics. D. Hey (Ed.). Oxford, Blackwell, 1992. 9. Papava V. O nekotorykh problemakh ekonomicheskoi nauki na sovremennom etape [On some problems of economic science at the present stage]. Voprosy ekonomiki - Economic Issues, 1992, No. 1, pp. 114-117 [in Russian]. 10. Heath J. Economics without Illusions. Debunking the Myths of Modern Capitalism. New York, Broadway Books, 2010. 11. Guriev S. Mify Ekonomiki: Zabluzhdeniya i Stereotipy, Kotorye Rasprostranyayut SMI i Politiki [Myths of Economics: Delusions and Stereotypes Spread by the Media and Politicians]. Moscow, Yunaited Press, 2010 [in Russian]. 12. Fox J. The Myth of the Rational Market: A History of Risk, Reward, and Delusion on Wall Street. New York, Harper Business, 2009. 13. Economics: Myth, Method, or Madness? Selected Readings. R.E. Hicks, W.J. Klages, F.A. Raffa (Eds.). Berkeley, CA, McCutchan Publishing Corporation, 1971. 14. Mishan E.J. Economic Myths and the Mythology of Economics. Atlantic Highlands, NJ, Humanities Press International, 1986. 15. Paarlberg D. Great Myths of Economics. New York, New American Library, 1968. 16. Medina L., Schneider F. Shadow economies around the world: what did we learn over the last 20 years? IMF Working Paper WP/18/17, January 2018, available at: www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2018/01/25/Shadow-Economies-Around-the-World-What-Did-We-Learn-Over-the-Last-20-Years-45583. doi.org/10.5089/9781484338636.001 17. Anikin A.V. Istoriya Finansovykh Potryasenii. Ot Dzhona Lo do Sergeya Kirienko [History of Financial Shocks. From John Law to Sergei Kirienko]. Moscow, ZAO "Olimp-Bizness", 2000 [in Russian]. 18. Kindleberger C.P., Aliber R.Z. Mirovye Finansovye Krizisy. Manii, Paniki i Krakhi [Manias, Panic and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises]. St. Petersburg, Piter, 2010 [in Russian]. 19. Stiglitz J.E. et al. Doklad Stiglitsa o Reforme Mezhdunarodnoi Valyutno-Finansovoi Sistemy: Uroki Global'nogo Krizisa. Doklad komissii finansovykh ekspertov OON [The Stiglitz Report. Reforming the International Monetary and Financial Systems in the Wake of the Global Crises. Joseph E. Stiglitz and Members of a UN Commission of Financial Expert]. Moscow, International relations PH, 2012 [in Russian]. 20. Davies H. The Financial Crisis: Who is to Blame? Cambridge, Polity Press, 2010. 21. Raskov D. Ritorika novoi institutsional'noi ekonomicheskoi teorii [Rhetoric of the new institutional economics]. Voprosy ekonomiki - Economic Issues, 2010, No. 5, pp. 81-95 [in Russian]. doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2010-5-81-95 22. Birman I.Ya. Ya - Ekonomist (o Sebe, Lyubimom) [I am an Economist (about Myself, Beloved)]. Novosibirsk, EKOR, 1996 [in Russian]. 23. Skidelsky R. How economics survived the economic crisis, available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/why-no-intellectual-shift-in-economics-by-robert-skidelsky-2018-01?utm_source=Project+Syndicate+Newsletter&utm_campaign=6b6f82ce43-sunday_newsletter_21_1_2018&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_73bad5b7d8-6b6f82ce43-93567601. 24. Stiglitz J.E. Another Century of Economic Science, in: The Future of Economics. D. Hey (Ed.). Oxford, Blackwell, 1992, рр. 134-141. doi.org/10.2307/2233848 25. Avtonomov V.S. Politicheskaya ekonomiya perekhodnogo perioda [Political economy of a transition period]. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya - World Economy and International Relations, 1996, No. 9, pp. 7-15 [in Russian]. 26. Fischer S., Frankel J. Macroeconomic issues of Soviet reform. American Eco¬nomic Review, 1992, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 37-42. 27. Sachs J. Privatization in Russia: some lessons from Eastern Europe. Ame¬ri¬can Economic Review, 1992, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 43-48. 28. Wolfson M. Transitions from a command economy: rational expectations and cold turkey. Contemporary Policy Issues, 1992, Vol. 10, Iss. 2, pp. 35-43. doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1992.tb00223.x 29. Becker G.S., Becker G.N. The Economics of Life. From Baseball to Affirma¬tive Action to Immigration, How Real World Issues Affect Our Everyday Life. New York, McGrow-Hill, 1997. 30. Stiglitz J.E. Whither Socialism? Cambridge, The MIT Press, 1996. 31. Quasi-Markets and Social Policy. J. Le Grand, W. Bartlett (Eds.). Basingstoke, UK, Macmillan Press, 1993. 32. Heyets V.M. Preodolenie kvazirynochnosti - put' k investitsionno orientirovannoi modeli ekonomicheskogo rosta [Overcoming the quasimarketness - a way to the investment-oriented model of economic growth]. Ekonomika Ukrainy - Economy of Ukraine, 2015, No. 6, pp. 4-17 [in Russian].33. Papava V. On the theory of post-communist economic transition to market. International Journal of Social Economics, 2005, Vol. 32, No. 1-2, pp. 77-97. doi.org/10.1108/03068290510575658 34. Bazilevich V.D. Ekonomicheskaya nauka i obrazovanie v epokhu sistemnykh transformatsii: novye vyzovy i zaprosy k fundamental'noi teorii [Economic science and education in the epoch of system transformations: new challenges and requests for the fundamental theory]. Ekonomika Ukrainy - Economy of Ukraine, 2016, No. 8, pp. 78-92 [in Russian]. 35. Krugman P. Good enough for government work? Macroeconomics since the crisis. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2018, Vol. 34, Iss. 1-2, pp. 156-168, available at: academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/34/1-2/156/4781811. doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grx052 36. Krugman P. Vykhod iz krizisa est'! [End this Depression Now!]. Moscow, Azbuka Biznes, Azbuka-Attikus, 2013 [in Russian]. 37. Ryazanov V.T. Ekonomicheskaya politika posle krizisa: stanet li ona snova keinsianskoi? [Economic policy after the crisis: will it become again Keynes' one?]. Ekonomika Ukrainy - Economy of Ukraine, 2014, No. 5, pp. 4¬-27 [in Russian]. 38. Kapeliushnikov R.I O sovremennom sostoyanii ekonomicheskoi nauki: polusotsiologicheskie nablyudeniya [On current state of economics: subjective semi-sociological observations]. Voprosy Ekonomiki - Economic Issues, 2018, No. 5, pp. 110-128 [in Russian]. doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-5-110-128 39. Heilbroner R. Nauchnyi analiz i videnie v istorii sovremennoi ekonomicheskoi mysli [The scientific analysis and vision in the history of a modern economic thought]. Voprosy ekonomiki - Economic Issues, 1993, No. 11, pp. 4-12 [in Russian]. 40. Heilbroner R., Milberg W. The Crisis of Vision in Modern Economic Thought. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996. doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511605574 41. El-Erian M.A. The lost lesson of the financial crisis, available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/lost-lessons-of-the-financial-crisis-by-mohamed-a--el-erian-2017-08. 42. Pressman S., Scott R. Ten years after the crisis: a lost decade? Real-World Economics Review, 2018, Iss. 83, рр. 2-19, available at: www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue83/PressmanScott83.pdf. 43. Rodrik D. Ekonomika Reshaet: Sila i Slabost' "Mrachnoi Nauki" [Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science]. Moscow, PH of Gaidar Institute, 2017 [in Russian]. 44. Bookstaber R. The End of Theory. Financial Crises, the Failure of Economics, and the Sweep of Human Interaction. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2017. doi.org/10.1515/9781400884964 45. Leiashvily P. Economic Activity: Teleological Analysis. New York, Nova Science Publishers, 2012. 46. Turner A. Economics after the Crises. Objectives and Means. Cambridge, The MIT Press, 2012. doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9344.001.0001 47. van Staveren I. Economics After the Crises. An Introduction to Economics from a Pluralist and Global Perspective. London, Routledge, 2015. doi.org/10.4324/9781315793962 48. Rodrik D. Economists vs. economics, available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/economists-versus-economics-by-dani-rodrik-2015-09?utm_source=Project+Syndicate+Newsletter&utm_campaign=be2a176f93-Sept_13_20159_5_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_73bad5b7d8-be2a176f93-93567601&barrier=accessreg. 49. Birks S. 40 Critical Pointers for Students of Economics. London, College Publications, 2016. 50. Fullbrook E. Narrative Fixation in Economics. London, College Publications, 2016. 51. Marques G. A Philosophical Framework for Rethinking Theoretical Economics and Philosophy of Economics. London, College Publications, 2016. 52. McCloskey D.N. Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can't Explain the Modern World. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2010. doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226556666.001.0001 53. Pilkington P. The Reformation in Economics. A Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Economic Theory. London, The Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40757-9 54. Söderbaum P. Do we need a new economics for sustainable development? Real-World Economics Review, 2017, Iss. 80, pp. 32-44, available at: www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue80/Soderbaum80.pdf. 55. Stiglitz J. An agenda for reforming economic theory, available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9KAd_nqINY. 56. Syll L.P. On the Use and Misuse of Theories and Models in Mainstream Economics. London, College Publications, 2016. 57. Kaletsky A. Revolyutsiya "makronekonomiki"? [A "macroneconomic" revolution?], available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/replacement-market-fundamentalism-by-anatole-kaletsky-2017-07/russian [in Russian]. 58. Di Muzio T., Noble L. The coming revolution in political economy: money creation, Mankiw and misguided macroeconomics. Real-World Economics Review, 2017, Iss. 80, pp. 85-108, available at: www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue80/DiMuzioNoble80.pdf. 59. Stiglitz J. Joseph Stiglitz on macroeconomics in crisis, available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOxCMc9-1Cc&app=desktop. 60. Hill R., Myatt T. The Economics Anti-Textbook: A Critical Thinker's Guide to Microeconomics. Halifax, Fernwood Publishing, 2010. 61. Rodrik D. The perils of economic consensus, available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/dani-rodrik-warns-that-agreement-among-economists-can-create-an-illusion-of-certain-knowledge?utm_source=MadMimi&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Dani+Rodrik%3a+%22The+Perils+of+Economic+Consensus%22&utm_campaign=20140817_m121761177_Dani+Rodrik%3a+%22The+Perils+of+Economic+Consensus%22&utm_term=The+Perils+of+Economic+Consensus&barrier=accessreg. 62. Offer A. Nobelevskaya ekonomika vs. sotsial-demokratiya [Nobel economics versus social democracy], available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/economics-nobel-versus-social-democracy-by-avner-offer-2016-10/russian [in Russian]. 63. Offer A., Söderberg G. The Nobel Factor: The Prize in Economics, Social Democracy, and the Market Turn. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2016. doi.org/10.1515/9781400883417 64. Skidelsky R. Why reinvent the monetary wheel?, available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/cryptocurrencies-false-promise-by-robert-skidelsky-2018-05?utm_source=Project+Syndicate+Newsletter&utm_campaign=c4c50cbed2-sunday_newsletter_27_5_2018&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_73bad5b7d8-c4c50cbed2-93567601. 65. Cawrey D. How economist Milton Friedman predicted bitcoin, available at: www.coindesk.com/economist-milton-friedman-predicted-bitcoin/. 66. Samson А. Laureat Nobelevskoi premii Mil'ton Fridman prognoziroval bitkoinckuyu epokhu 17 let nazad [The Nobel Prize laureate Milton Friedman predicted bitcoin era 17 years ago], available at: bitcoinrush.md/%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%84/ [in Russian]. 67. Shiller R.J. The old allure of new money, available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/cryptocurrencies-scientific-narrative-by-robert-j--shiller-2018-05?utm_source=Project+Syndicate+Newsletter&utm_campaign=c4c50cbed2-sunday_newsletter_27_5_2018&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_73bad5b7d8-c4c50cbed2-93567601. 68. Golstein S. Nobel laureate Stiglitz: "Why do people want bitcoin?", available at: www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/nobel-laureate-stiglitz-people-want-bitcoin/. 69. Myers J. Joseph Stiglitz: bitcoin ought to be outlawed, available at: www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/joseph-stiglitz-bitcoin-ought-to-be-outlawed/. 70. Roubini N. Pervye koino moshenniki [Initial coin scams], available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/ico-cryptocurrency-scams-by-nouriel-roubini-2018-05/russian [in Russian]. 71. James H. Opasnost' bitkoina [The bitcoin threat], available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/bitcoin-threat-to-political-stability-by-harold-james-2018-02/russian [in Russian]. 72. Johnson M.C. Why is the Kremlin suddenly obsessed with cryptocurrencies?, available at: www.thedailybeast.com/why-is-the-kremlin-suddenly-obsessed-with-cryptocurrencies?ref=scroll. 73. Bach N. This Nobel prize-winning economist says bitcoin should be banned. Fortune, November 30, 2017, available at: fortune.com/2017/11/30/economist-joseph-stiglitz-bitcoin-should-be-outlawed/. 74. Rogoff K. Zoloto kriptodurakov? [Crypto-fool's gold?], available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/bitcoin-long-term-price-collapse-by-kenneth-rogoff-2017-10/russian?barrier=accesspay [in Russian]. 75. Samaeva Yu. Paul Krugman: "Nuzhno govorit' ob opredelyayushchei roli gosudarstva v preodolenii krizisa, o neobkhodimosti vmeshatel'stva v rynochnye mekhanizmy i ruchnogo upravleniya" [Paul Krugman: "It is necessary to talk about the decisive role of the state in overcoming the crisis, about need of intervention in market mechanisms and manual control"]. Zerkalo nedeli - Mirror of week, September 18, 2017, available at: zn.ua/macrolevel/nobelevskiy-laureat-pol-krugman-nuzhno-govorit-ob-opredelyayuschey-roli-gosudarstva-v-preodolenii-krizisa-o-neobhodimosti-vmeshatelstva-v-rynochnye-mehanizmy-i-ruchnogo-upravleniya-260407_.html#comment [in Russian]. 76. Barsky R.B. The Japanese bubble: a 'heterogeneous' approach. NBER Working Paper No. 15052, June 2009, available at: www.nber.org/papers/w15052. doi.org/10.3386/w15052 77. Wood C. The Bubble Economy? Japan's Extraordinary Speculative Boom of the '80s and the Dramatic Bust of the '90s. Jakarta, Solstice Publishing, 2005. 78. Sheng A., Geng X. Varvary u monetarnykh vorot [Barbarians at the monetary gate], available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/bitcoin-cryptocurrencies-monetary-risk-by-andrew-sheng-and-xiao-geng-2017-08/russian?barrier=accesspay [in Russian]. 79. Baker D. Tesla, Amazon, bitcoin, efficient markets and FTT. WEA Commentaries, 2018, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 10-11, available at: www.worldeconomicsassociation.org/newsletterarticles/bitcoin-efficient-markets/. 80. Turner A. Should you buy bitcoin?, available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/bitcoin-collapse-low-macroeconomic-risk-by-adair-turner-2018-02. 81. Quiggin J. What bitcoin reveals about financial markets. The New York Times, February 8, 2018, available at: www.nytimes.com/2018/02/08/opinion/bitcoin-financial-markets.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fopinion&action=click&contentCollection=opinion®ion=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=8&pgtype=sectionfront. 82. Lagarde C. Central banking and Fintech - a brave new world?, available at: www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/09/28/sp092917-central-banking-and-fintech-a-brave-new-world?cid=em-COM-123-35955. 83. Cox J. Bitcoin and Digital Currencies: The New World of Money and Freedom. Baltimore, Laissez Faire Books, 2013. 84. Roubini N. Nevypolnennye obeshchaniya blokcheina [Blockchain's broken promises], available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/why-bitcoin-is-a-bubble-by-nouriel-roubini-2018-01/russian?barrier=accesspay [in Russian]. 85. Roubini N., Byrne P. Blokchein - pustye mechty [The blockchain pipe dream], available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/blockchain-technology-limited-applications-by-nouriel-roubini-and-preston-byrne-2018-03/russian [in Russian]. 86. Popper N. There is nothing virtual about bitcoin's energy appetite. The New York Times, January 21, 2018, available at: www.nytimes.com/2018/01/21/technology/bitcoin-mining-energy-consumption.html?action=click&contentCollection=Times%20Insider&module=RelatedCoverage®ion=Marginalia&pgtype=article. 87. Jezard A. In 2020 bitcoin will consume more power than the world does today, available at: www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/12/bitcoin-consume-more-power-than-world-2020/. 88. Salman A., Razzaq M.G.A. Bitcoin and the World of Digital Currencies, in: Financial Management from an Emerging Market Perspective. G. Kucukkocaoglu, S. Gokten (Eds.). InTech, 2018, pp. 269-281. doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71294 89. Vigna P., Casey M.J. Epokha Kriptovalyut. Kak Bitkoin i Blokchein Menyayut Mirovoi Ekonomicheskii Poryadok [Era of Cryptocurrencies: How Bitcoin and the Blockchain Are Challenging the Global Economic Order]. Moscow, Mann, Ivanov i Ferber, 2018 [in Russian]. 90. Tarasov D., Popov A. Ot zolota do bitkoina [From Gold to Bitcoin]. Moscow, Al'pina Publisher, 2018 [in Russian]. 91. North A. How the tiny nation of Georgia became a bitcoin behemoth, available at: www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/04/23/597780405/how-the-tiny-nation-of-georgia-became-a-bitcoin-behemoth. 92. Buchanan J.M. What Should Economists Do? Indianapolis, Liberty Fund, 1979. 93. Brockway G.P. The End of Economic Man. New York, W.W. Norton and Co., 1995. 94. Tittenbrun J. The death of the economic man. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 2013, Vol. 11, рр. 10-34, available at: www.scipress.com/ILSHS.11.10.pdf. doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.11.10 95. Papava V. The Georgian economy: from "shock therapy" to "social promotion". Communist Economies & Economic Transformation, 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2, рр. 251-267. doi.org/10.1080/14631379608427856 96. Papava V. Is Zombie Economicus coming?, available at: www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article8736.html. 97. Skidelsky R. Ekonomisty protiv ekonomiki [Economists versus the economy], available at: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/mathematical-economics-training-too-narrow-by-robert-skidelsky-2016-12/russian?barrier=accesspaylog [in Russian]. 98. Skidelsky R. "Uchenye idioty". Pochemy ekonomisty ne ponimayut, chto proiskhodit s mirovoi ekonomikoi? ["Erudite idiots". Why economists don't understand what happens to the world economy?], available at: ktovkurse.com/mirovaya-ekonomika/uchennye-idioty-pochemu-ekonomisty-ne-ponimayu-chto-proishodit-s-mirovoj-ekonomikoj [in Russian]. 99. Kim V.V., Blazhevich N.V. Jazyk Nauki: Filosofsko-Metodologicheskie Aspekty [Science Language: Philosophical and Methodological Aspects]. Ekaterinburg, Bank kul'turnoi informatsii, 1998, available at: elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/3588/2/philos_edu_4.pdf [in Russian]. 100. Devitt M., Sterelny K. Language and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language. Oxford, UK, Wiley-Blackwell, 1999. 101. Marsonet M. Science, Reality, and Language. Albany, N.Y., State University of New York Press, 1995. 102. Dergachev V. Geoekonomika (Sovremennaya Geopolitika) [Geo-Economics (Modern Geopolitics)]. Kiev, VIRA-R, 2002 [in Russian]. 103. Kochetov E.G. Geoekonomika (Osvoenie Mirovogo Ekonomicheskogo Prostranstva) [Geo-Economics (Development of the World Economic Space)]. Moscow, BEK PH, 1999 [in Russian]. 104. Gasimli V. Geo-Economics. Baku, Aston Print LLC, 2015, available at: sam.az/uploads/PDF/Geo-Economic.pdf. 105. Kvinikadze G. Conceptualization of geo-economic threats in small countries with transition economies. Economic and Regional Studies, 2017, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 42-52. doi.org/10.2478/ers-2017-0023 106. Solberg Søilen K. Geoeconomics. London, Bookboon, 2012, available at: bookboon.com/en/geoeconomics-ebook. 107. Hsieh C.-Y., Mangum S.L. A Search for Synthesis in Economic Theory. Armonk, M.E. Sharpe, 1986. 108. Ananiashvili I., Papava V. Laffer-Keynesian Synthesis and Macroeconomic Equilibrium. New York, Nova Science Publishers, 2014. doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2305760 109. Langdana F.K. Macroeconomic Policy: Demystifying Monetary and Fiscal Policy. New York, Springer Sciece+Business Media, 2009. doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77666-8 110. Tuerck D.G. Macroeconomics: Integrating Theory, Policy and Practice for a New Era. New York, Business Expert Press, 2015. |
|
Published since September 1958 |
|||
| Login |
| |||