FROM THE HISTORY OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES УДК 330.341:336.5:338.45 JEL: L52; L65; O14; O32 SALIKHOVA Olena1, HONCHARENKO Daria2 1Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the NAS of Ukraine, Research ID : http://www.researcherid.com/rid/ DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN GERMANY: LESSONS FOR UKRAINE The evolution of the development of the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry from technology borrowing to endogenous innovations and becoming a global leader is shown. It is substantiated that the government of the country promoted the development of a new industry by increasing budget allocations for the training of scientific and industrial personnel; research subsidies; subsidies for transportation and raw materials. It is shown that the formation of large companies has provided economies of scale and accelerated development. The creation of specialized research institutes under the auspices of the government initiated public-private partnerships in research funding, industry associations helped mobilize the public to support the industry, and competent company managers and industry representatives together with prominent statesmen provided concerted action to strengthen its innovation potential. Cultivating the national consciousness that the purchase of German goods is the key to the welfare of the state has determined consumer preferences and has become a powerful stimulus to expand supplies to the domestic market. The introduction of high customs tariffs on finished medicines has provided protection for the new industry in its infancy. The close cooperation of banks with pharmaceutical companies has contributed to the implementation of investment and innovation projects and external expansion. The creation of cartels by chemical and pharmaceutical companies was an institutional response to the unprecedented phenomenon of industrialization and catching up in Germany. It is revealed that at the present stage the Government of Germany through national and regional programs continues to promote the development of technological and innovative potential of pharmaceuticals. The expediency of introduction of mechanisms of endogenization of production development of medicines and medical devices in Ukraine, and also expansion of sales in the domestic market through introduction of preferences at public purchases in the context of protection of essential interests of safety and health of the nation is proved. Keywords:Germany; pharmaceutical industry; technologies; innovations; endogenous development; public policy; state aid
1. Kindzers'kyi Yu. Policy of inclusive and sustainable industrialization: the challenges and priorities of implementation. Economic Analysis, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2020, pp. 105-117 [in Ukrainian]. doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.01.01.105 2. Development of Industry to Ensure the Growth and Renewal of the Ukrainian Economy. L.V. Deineko (Ed.). NAS of Ukraine, Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2018 [in Ukrainian]. 3. Sidenko V. et al. Structural Transformations in the World Economy: Challenges for Ukraine. Kyiv, Zapovit, 2017 [in Ukrainian]. 4. Marek Gogach et al. Pharmaceutical Market of Ukraine in the Conditions of Institutional Changes. S.M. Holubka (Ed.). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Lublin, Triada Plyus, 2017 [in Ukrainian]. 5. Heyets V. The policy of economic growth based on an increase of domestic consumption, and its consequences. Finance of Ukraine, No. 9, 2007, pp. 14-34 [in Ukrainian]. 6. Salikhova O. Germany's Industrial Leadership: View of the Role of the State in the Historical and Economic Aspect. History of Economics and Economic Thought of Ukraine, Vol. 53, 2020, pp. 163-185 [in Ukrainian]. doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2020.53.189 7. Ravina E. The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, 2011. 8. Garfield S. Mauve: How one man invented a colour that changed the world. Edinburgh, Kindle Edition, 2018. 9. Cramer T. Building the "World's Pharmacy": A Co-evolutionary Approach to the Rise of the German Pharmaceutical Industry 1871-1914. Cologne Economic History Paper, No. 3, Universität zu Köln. Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensgeschichte, 2012 10. Burhop C. Pharmaceutical Research in Wilhelmine Germany: The Case of E. Merck. The Business History Review, Vol. 83, No. 3, 2009, pp. 475-503. doi.org/10.1017/S000768050000297X 11. Sanderson M. Education and Economic Decline in Britain, 1870 to the 1990s. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999. doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139171199 12. Haber L. The chemical industry during the nineteenth century: a study of the economic aspect of applied chemistry in Europe and North America. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1969. 13. Wrigley J. Technical Education and Industry in the Nineteenth Century, in: Elbaum B., Lazonick W. The Decline of the British Economy. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1986, pp. 162-188. 14. Moe E. Governance, Growth and Global Leadership: The Role of the State in Technological Progress, 1750-2000. Burlington, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2013. 15. Murmann P. Knowledge and Competitive Advantage: The Co-evolution of Firms, Technology, and National Institutions. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003. doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510953 16. Geppert D. Pressekriege: Öffentlichkeit und Diplomatie in den deutsch-britischen Beziehungen (1896-1912). München, German Historical Institute London, 2007 [in German]. doi.org/10.1524/9783486707496 17. Chandler A.D. The Enduring Logic of Industrial Success. Harvard Business Review, available at: hbr.org/1990/03/the-enduring-logic-of-industrial-success 18. Adams S.H. ®- American or German. Collier's, August 16, 1919, pp. 9-10. 19. Tilden W. The Supply of Chemicals to Britain and Her Dependencies. W.M. Gardner. The British Coal Tar Industry: its Origin, Development and Decline. London, Williams & Norgate, 1915, pp. 315-¬334. 20. Johnson J.A. The Kaiser's Chemists: Science and Modernization in Imperial Germany. Raleigh, UNC Press Books, 2017. 21. Hoffmann D. Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft. Tagesspiegel, Vol. 9, January, 2011, available at: www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Presse-PDF/Hoffmann_KWG_Tagesspiegel_09.1.2011.pdf [in German]. 22. Chandler A. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2009. 23. Reader W.J. A History: The Forerunners 1870-1926. Vol. 1, London, Oxford University Press, 1970. 24. Domeratzky L. The international cartel movement. Trade Information Bulletin, No. 556: The Balance of International Payments of the United States in 1922-1928. United States. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1922-1928, pp. 9-11. 25. Krause W., Puffert D.J. Chemicals, strategy, and tariffs: Tariff policy and the soda industry in Imperial Germany. European Review of Economic History, Vol. 4, Iss. 3, 2000, pp. 285-309. doi.org/10.1017/S1361491600000083 26. Borhi L. Európa, nemzet, külpolitika. Budapest, Aura Kiado, 2010 [in Hungarian]. 27. Amoore L. Globalization Contested: An International Political Economy of Work. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2002. 28. Gerschenkron A. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1962. 29. Veblen T. Imperial Germany and The Industrial Revolution. Available at: core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7048899.pdf 30. Salikhova O. High-tech Industries: From Evaluation Methodology to Rise in Ukraine. NAS of Ukraine, Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2012 [in Ukrainian]. 31. Salikhova O., Honcharenko D. Endogenization of Economic Development through the Development of High-Tech Pharmaceutical Industries: Europe's Experience, Lessons for Ukraine. Business Inform, No. 2, 2020, pp. 49-56 [in Ukrainian]. doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-2-49-56 32. Salikhova O. Renaissance of state's intervention into the industrial development: last world tendencies and lessons for Ukraine. Economy of Ukraine, No. 9, 2015, pp. 19-38 [in Ukrainian]. 33. Hirshfeld A., Salikhova O. To love in German. Livyy Bereh, October 29, 2019, available at: lb.ua/economics/ 2019/10/29/440825_lyubit_ponemetski.Html (accessed on: 15.06.2020) [in Russian]. doi.org/10.1144/geosci2019-050 34. List F. The National System of Political Economy. London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1909, available at: oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/315/0168_Bk.pdf 35. Honcharenko D. New Approaches to the Assessment of Foreign Trade in High-Tech Pharmaceuticals. Statistics of Ukraine, No. 1, 2020, pp. 35-41, available at: su-journal.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/281/258 doi.org/10.31767/su.1(88)2020.01.04 36. Salikhova O., Honcharenko D. The Conceptual Foundations of the Strategy of Development of the High-Tech Industry of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Products in Ukraine till 2030. Business Inform, Iss. 7, 2020, pp. 28-35 [in Ukrainian]. doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-7-28-35 37. Salikhova O., Krekhivsky O. A New Mechanism for State Support to Technological Innovation for Industrial Development. Statistics of Ukraine, No. 2, 2018, pp. 30-35 [in Ukrainian]. doi.org/10.31767/su.2(81)2018.02.04 38. Hirshfeld A., Salikhova O. Ticket and with it the problem. Livyy Bereh, February 19, 2019, available at: lb.ua/economics/2019/02/19/420116_bilet_zadachi.html (accessed on: 15.06.2020) [in Russian]. doi.org/10.1055/a-0855-6666 |
|
Published since September 1958 |
|||
| Login |
| |||